:: Irrationality of e
:: by Freek Wiedijk
::
:: Received July 2, 1999
:: Copyright (c) 1999-2012 Association of Mizar Users


begin

notation
let x be real number ;
antonym  irrational x for  rational ;
end;

notation
let x, y be real number ;
synonym x ^ y for x to_power y;
end;

:: [WP: ] The_Irrationality_of_the_Square_Root_of_2
theorem Th1: :: IRRAT_1:1
for p being Element of NAT st p is prime holds
sqrt p is irrational
proofend;

theorem :: IRRAT_1:2
ex x, y being real number st
( x is irrational & y is irrational & x ^ y is rational )
proofend;

begin

scheme :: IRRAT_1:sch 1
LambdaRealSeq{ F1( set ) ->  real number } :
 ( ex seq being Real_Sequence st
for n being Element of NAT holds seq . n = F1(n) & ( for seq1, seq2 being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Element of NAT holds seq1 . n = F1(n) ) & ( for n being Element of NAT holds seq2 . n = F1(n) ) holds
seq1 = seq2 ) )
proofend;

definition
let k be Nat;
func aseq k ->  Real_Sequence means :Def1: :: IRRAT_1:def 1
 for n being Element of NAT holds it . n = (n - k) / n;
correctness
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (n - k) / n;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (n - k) / n ) & ( for n being Element of NAT holds b2 . n = (n - k) / n ) holds
b1 = b2;
proofend;
func bseq k ->  Real_Sequence means :Def2: :: IRRAT_1:def 2
 for n being Element of NAT holds it . n = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k));
correctness
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k));
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) ) & ( for n being Element of NAT holds b2 . n = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) ) holds
b1 = b2;
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def1 defines aseq IRRAT_1:def_1_:_
 for k being Nat
for b2 being Real_Sequence holds
( b2 = aseq k iff for n being Element of NAT holds b2 . n = (n - k) / n );

:: deftheorem Def2 defines bseq IRRAT_1:def_2_:_
 for k being Nat
for b2 being Real_Sequence holds
( b2 = bseq k iff for n being Element of NAT holds b2 . n = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) );

definition
let n be Nat;
func cseq n ->  Real_Sequence means :Def3: :: IRRAT_1:def 3
 for k being Element of NAT holds it . k = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k));
correctness
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for k being Element of NAT holds b1 . k = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k));
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for k being Element of NAT holds b1 . k = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) ) & ( for k being Element of NAT holds b2 . k = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) ) holds
b1 = b2;
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def3 defines cseq IRRAT_1:def_3_:_
 for n being Nat
for b2 being Real_Sequence holds
( b2 = cseq n iff for k being Element of NAT holds b2 . k = (n choose k) * (n ^ (- k)) );

theorem Th3: :: IRRAT_1:3
for n, k being Element of NAT holds (cseq n) . k = (bseq k) . n
proofend;

definition
func dseq  ->  Real_Sequence means :Def4: :: IRRAT_1:def 4
 for n being Element of NAT holds it . n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n;
correctness
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n ) & ( for n being Element of NAT holds b2 . n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n ) holds
b1 = b2;
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def4 defines dseq IRRAT_1:def_4_:_
 for b1 being Real_Sequence holds
( b1 = dseq iff for n being Element of NAT holds b1 . n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n );

definition
func eseq  ->  Real_Sequence means :Def5: :: IRRAT_1:def 5
 for k being Element of NAT holds it . k = 1 / (k !);
correctness
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for k being Element of NAT holds b1 . k = 1 / (k !);
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for k being Element of NAT holds b1 . k = 1 / (k !) ) & ( for k being Element of NAT holds b2 . k = 1 / (k !) ) holds
b1 = b2;
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def5 defines eseq IRRAT_1:def_5_:_
 for b1 being Real_Sequence holds
( b1 = eseq iff for k being Element of NAT holds b1 . k = 1 / (k !) );

:: lim(\n:(n choose k)*(n ^ (-k))) = 1/(k!)
theorem Th4: :: IRRAT_1:4
for n, k being Element of NAT st n > 0 holds
n ^ (- (k + 1)) = (n ^ (- k)) / n
proofend;

theorem Th5: :: IRRAT_1:5
for n, k being Element of NAT holds n choose (k + 1) = ((n - k) / (k + 1)) * (n choose k)
proofend;

theorem Th6: :: IRRAT_1:6
for n, k being Element of NAT st n > 0 holds
(bseq (k + 1)) . n = ((1 / (k + 1)) * ((bseq k) . n)) * ((aseq k) . n)
proofend;

theorem Th7: :: IRRAT_1:7
for n, k being Element of NAT st n > 0 holds
(aseq k) . n = 1 - (k / n)
proofend;

theorem Th8: :: IRRAT_1:8
for k being Element of NAT holds
( aseq k is convergent & lim (aseq k) = 1 )
proofend;

theorem Th9: :: IRRAT_1:9
for x being real number
for seq being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Nat holds seq . n = x ) holds
( seq is convergent & lim seq = x )
proofend;

theorem Th10: :: IRRAT_1:10
for n being Element of NAT holds (bseq 0) . n = 1
proofend;

theorem Th11: :: IRRAT_1:11
for k being Element of NAT holds (1 / (k + 1)) * (1 / (k !)) = 1 / ((k + 1) !)
proofend;

theorem Th12: :: IRRAT_1:12
for k being Element of NAT holds
( bseq k is convergent & lim (bseq k) = 1 / (k !) & lim (bseq k) = eseq . k )
proofend;

:: 0 <= (n choose k)*(n ^ (-k))) <= 1/(k!)
theorem Th13: :: IRRAT_1:13
for k, n being Element of NAT st k < n holds
( 0 < (aseq k) . n &amp; (aseq k) . n <= 1 )
proofend;

theorem Th14: :: IRRAT_1:14
for n, k being Element of NAT st n > 0 holds
( 0 <= (bseq k) . n &amp; (bseq k) . n <= 1 / (k !) &amp; (bseq k) . n <= eseq . k &amp; 0 <= (cseq n) . k &amp; (cseq n) . k <= 1 / (k !) &amp; (cseq n) . k <= eseq . k )
proofend;

:: n>0 implies (1+(1/n)) ^ n = Sum (\k:(n choose k)*(n ^ (-k)))
theorem Th15: :: IRRAT_1:15
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq ^\ 1 is summable holds
( seq is summable &amp; Sum seq = (seq . 0) + (Sum (seq ^\ 1)) )
proofend;

theorem Th16: :: IRRAT_1:16
for k being Element of NAT
for D being non empty set
for sq being FinSequence of D st 1 <= k &amp; k < len sq holds
(sq /^ 1) . k = sq . (k + 1)
proofend;

theorem Th17: :: IRRAT_1:17
for sq being FinSequence of REAL st len sq > 0 holds
Sum sq = (sq . 1) + (Sum (sq /^ 1))
proofend;

theorem Th18: :: IRRAT_1:18
for n being Element of NAT
for seq being Real_Sequence
for sq being FinSequence of REAL st len sq = n &amp; ( for k being Element of NAT st k < n holds
seq . k = sq . (k + 1) ) &amp; ( for k being Element of NAT st k >= n holds
seq . k = 0 ) holds
( seq is summable &amp; Sum seq = Sum sq )
proofend;

theorem Th19: :: IRRAT_1:19
for k, n being Element of NAT
for x, y being real number st k <= n holds
((x,y) In_Power n) . (k + 1) = ((n choose k) * (x ^ (n - k))) * (y ^ k)
proofend;

theorem Th20: :: IRRAT_1:20
for n, k being Element of NAT st n > 0 &amp; k <= n holds
(cseq n) . k = ((1,(1 / n)) In_Power n) . (k + 1)
proofend;

theorem Th21: :: IRRAT_1:21
for n being Element of NAT st n > 0 holds
( cseq n is summable &amp; Sum (cseq n) = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n &amp; Sum (cseq n) = dseq . n )
proofend;

:: number_e = lim(\n:(1+(1/n)) ^ n)
theorem Th22: :: IRRAT_1:22
( dseq is convergent &amp; lim dseq = number_e )
proofend;

:: exp(1) = Sum (\k:1/(k!))
theorem Th23: :: IRRAT_1:23
( eseq is summable &amp; Sum eseq = exp_R 1 )
proofend;

:: lim(\n:(1+(1/n)) ^ n) = Sum (\k:1/(k!))
theorem Th24: :: IRRAT_1:24
for K being Element of NAT
for dseqK being Real_Sequence st ( for n being Element of NAT holds dseqK . n = (Partial_Sums (cseq n)) . K ) holds
( dseqK is convergent &amp; lim dseqK = (Partial_Sums eseq) . K )
proofend;

theorem Th25: :: IRRAT_1:25
for x being real number
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent &amp; lim seq = x holds
for eps being real number st eps > 0 holds
ex N being Element of NAT st
for n being Element of NAT st n >= N holds
seq . n > x - eps
proofend;

theorem Th26: :: IRRAT_1:26
for x being real number
for seq being Real_Sequence st ( for eps being real number st eps > 0 holds
ex N being Element of NAT st
for n being Element of NAT st n >= N holds
seq . n > x - eps ) &amp; ex N being Element of NAT st
for n being Element of NAT st n >= N holds
seq . n <= x holds
( seq is convergent &amp; lim seq = x )
proofend;

theorem Th27: :: IRRAT_1:27
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is summable holds
for eps being real number st eps > 0 holds
ex K being Element of NAT st (Partial_Sums seq) . K > (Sum seq) - eps
proofend;

theorem Th28: :: IRRAT_1:28
for n being Element of NAT st n >= 1 holds
dseq . n <= Sum eseq
proofend;

theorem Th29: :: IRRAT_1:29
for K being Element of NAT
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is summable &amp; ( for k being Element of NAT holds seq . k >= 0 ) holds
Sum seq >= (Partial_Sums seq) . K
proofend;

theorem Th30: :: IRRAT_1:30
( dseq is convergent &amp; lim dseq = Sum eseq )
proofend;

:: number_e = exp(1)
definition
redefine func number_e  equals :: IRRAT_1:def 6
 Sum eseq;
compatibility
 for b1 being set holds
( b1 = number_e iff b1 = Sum eseq ) by Th22, Th30;
end;

:: deftheorem  defines number_e IRRAT_1:def_6_:_
 number_e = Sum eseq;

definition
redefine func number_e  equals :: IRRAT_1:def 7
 exp_R 1;
compatibility
 for b1 being set holds
( b1 = number_e iff b1 = exp_R 1 ) by Th23;
end;

:: deftheorem  defines number_e IRRAT_1:def_7_:_
 number_e = exp_R 1;

begin

theorem Th31: :: IRRAT_1:31
for x being real number st x is rational holds
ex n being Element of NAT st
( n >= 2 &amp; (n !) * x is integer )
proofend;

theorem Th32: :: IRRAT_1:32
for n, k being Element of NAT holds (n !) * (eseq . k) = (n !) / (k !)
proofend;

theorem :: IRRAT_1:33
for n, k being Element of NAT holds (n !) / (k !) > 0 by XREAL_1:139;

theorem Th34: :: IRRAT_1:34
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is summable &amp; ( for n being Element of NAT holds seq . n > 0 ) holds
Sum seq > 0
proofend;

theorem Th35: :: IRRAT_1:35
for n being Element of NAT holds (n !) * (Sum (eseq ^\ (n + 1))) > 0
proofend;

theorem Th36: :: IRRAT_1:36
for k, n being Element of NAT st k <= n holds
(n !) / (k !) is integer
proofend;

theorem Th37: :: IRRAT_1:37
for n being Element of NAT holds (n !) * ((Partial_Sums eseq) . n) is integer
proofend;

theorem Th38: :: IRRAT_1:38
for n, k being Element of NAT
for x being real number st x = 1 / (n + 1) holds
(n !) / (((n + k) + 1) !) <= x ^ (k + 1)
proofend;

theorem Th39: :: IRRAT_1:39
for n being Element of NAT
for x being real number st n > 0 &amp; x = 1 / (n + 1) holds
(n !) * (Sum (eseq ^\ (n + 1))) <= x / (1 - x)
proofend;

theorem Th40: :: IRRAT_1:40
for x, n being real number st n >= 2 &amp; x = 1 / (n + 1) holds
x / (1 - x) < 1
proofend;

:: [WP: ] Irrationality_of_e
theorem :: IRRAT_1:41
number_e is irrational
proofend;