:: Subspaces and Cosets of Subspaces in Real Linear Space
:: by Wojciech A. Trybulec
::
:: Received July 24, 1989
:: Copyright (c) 1990-2012 Association of Mizar Users


begin

::
:: Introduction of predicate linearly closed subsets of the carrier.
::
definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
let V1 be Subset of V;
attrV1 is linearly-closed  means :Def1: :: RLSUB_1:def 1
( ( for v, u being VECTOR of V st v in V1 & u in V1 holds
v + u in V1 ) & ( for a being Real
for v being VECTOR of V st v in V1 holds
a * v in V1 ) );
end;

:: deftheorem Def1 defines linearly-closed RLSUB_1:def_1_:_
 for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V holds
( V1 is linearly-closed iff ( ( for v, u being VECTOR of V st v in V1 & u in V1 holds
v + u in V1 ) & ( for a being Real
for v being VECTOR of V st v in V1 holds
a * v in V1 ) ) );

theorem Th1: :: RLSUB_1:1
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 <> {} &amp; V1 is linearly-closed holds
0. V in V1
proofend;

theorem Th2: :: RLSUB_1:2
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 is linearly-closed holds
for v being VECTOR of V st v in V1 holds
- v in V1
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:3
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 is linearly-closed holds
for v, u being VECTOR of V st v in V1 &amp; u in V1 holds
v - u in V1
proofend;

theorem Th4: :: RLSUB_1:4
for V being RealLinearSpace holds {(0. V)} is linearly-closed
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:5
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st the carrier of V = V1 holds
V1 is linearly-closed
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:6
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1, V2, V3 being Subset of V st V1 is linearly-closed &amp; V2 is linearly-closed &amp; V3 =  {  (v + u) where v, u is VECTOR of V : ( v in V1 &amp; u in V2 )  }  holds
V3 is linearly-closed
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:7
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1, V2 being Subset of V st V1 is linearly-closed &amp; V2 is linearly-closed holds
V1 /\ V2 is linearly-closed
proofend;

definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
mode Subspace of V ->  RealLinearSpace means :Def2: :: RLSUB_1:def 2
( the carrier of it c= the carrier of V &amp; 0. it = 0. V &amp; the addF of it = the addF of V || the carrier of it &amp; the Mult of it = the Mult of V | [:REAL, the carrier of it:] );
existence
 ex b1 being RealLinearSpace st
( the carrier of b1 c= the carrier of V &amp; 0. b1 = 0. V &amp; the addF of b1 = the addF of V || the carrier of b1 &amp; the Mult of b1 = the Mult of V | [:REAL, the carrier of b1:] )
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def2 defines Subspace RLSUB_1:def_2_:_
 for V, b2 being RealLinearSpace holds
( b2 is Subspace of V iff ( the carrier of b2 c= the carrier of V &amp; 0. b2 = 0. V &amp; the addF of b2 = the addF of V || the carrier of b2 &amp; the Mult of b2 = the Mult of V | [:REAL, the carrier of b2:] ) );

::
:: Axioms of the subspaces of real linear spaces.
::
theorem :: RLSUB_1:8
for V being RealLinearSpace
for x being set
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V st x in W1 &amp; W1 is Subspace of W2 holds
x in W2
proofend;

theorem Th9: :: RLSUB_1:9
for V being RealLinearSpace
for x being set
for W being Subspace of V st x in W holds
x in V
proofend;

theorem Th10: :: RLSUB_1:10
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V
for w being VECTOR of W holds w is VECTOR of V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:11
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds 0. W = 0. V by Def2;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:12
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V holds 0. W1 = 0. W2
proofend;

theorem Th13: :: RLSUB_1:13
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for w1, w2 being VECTOR of W st w1 = v &amp; w2 = u holds
w1 + w2 = v + u
proofend;

theorem Th14: :: RLSUB_1:14
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V
for w being VECTOR of W st w = v holds
a * w = a * v
proofend;

theorem Th15: :: RLSUB_1:15
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for w being VECTOR of W st w = v holds
- v = - w
proofend;

theorem Th16: :: RLSUB_1:16
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for w1, w2 being VECTOR of W st w1 = v &amp; w2 = u holds
w1 - w2 = v - u
proofend;

Lm1:  for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V
for W being Subspace of V st the carrier of W = V1 holds
V1 is linearly-closed
proofend;

theorem Th17: :: RLSUB_1:17
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds 0. V in W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:18
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V holds 0. W1 in W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:19
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds 0. W in V by Th9, RLVECT_1:1;

theorem Th20: :: RLSUB_1:20
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st u in W &amp; v in W holds
u + v in W
proofend;

theorem Th21: :: RLSUB_1:21
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V st v in W holds
a * v in W
proofend;

theorem Th22: :: RLSUB_1:22
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st v in W holds
- v in W
proofend;

theorem Th23: :: RLSUB_1:23
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st u in W &amp; v in W holds
u - v in W
proofend;

theorem Th24: :: RLSUB_1:24
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V
for D being non empty set
for d1 being Element of D
for A being BinOp of D
for M being Function of [:REAL,D:],D st V1 = D &amp; d1 = 0. V &amp; A = the addF of V || V1 &amp; M = the Mult of V | [:REAL,V1:] holds
RLSStruct(# D,d1,A,M #) is Subspace of V
proofend;

theorem Th25: :: RLSUB_1:25
for V being RealLinearSpace holds V is Subspace of V
proofend;

theorem Th26: :: RLSUB_1:26
for V, X being strict RealLinearSpace st V is Subspace of X &amp; X is Subspace of V holds
V = X
proofend;

theorem Th27: :: RLSUB_1:27
for V, X, Y being RealLinearSpace st V is Subspace of X &amp; X is Subspace of Y holds
V is Subspace of Y
proofend;

theorem Th28: :: RLSUB_1:28
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V st the carrier of W1 c= the carrier of W2 holds
W1 is Subspace of W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:29
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V st ( for v being VECTOR of V st v in W1 holds
v in W2 ) holds
W1 is Subspace of W2
proofend;

registration
let V be RealLinearSpace;
cluster non empty left_complementable right_complementable complementable strict Abelian add-associative right_zeroed vector-distributive scalar-distributive scalar-associative scalar-unital V106() for Subspace of V;
existence
 ex b1 being Subspace of V st b1 is strict
proofend;
end;

theorem Th30: :: RLSUB_1:30
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being strict Subspace of V st the carrier of W1 = the carrier of W2 holds
W1 = W2
proofend;

theorem Th31: :: RLSUB_1:31
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being strict Subspace of V st ( for v being VECTOR of V holds
( v in W1 iff v in W2 ) ) holds
W1 = W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:32
for V being strict RealLinearSpace
for W being strict Subspace of V st the carrier of W = the carrier of V holds
W = V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:33
for V being strict RealLinearSpace
for W being strict Subspace of V st ( for v being VECTOR of V holds
( v in W iff v in V ) ) holds
W = V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:34
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V
for W being Subspace of V st the carrier of W = V1 holds
V1 is linearly-closed by Lm1;

theorem Th35: :: RLSUB_1:35
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 <> {} &amp; V1 is linearly-closed holds
ex W being strict Subspace of V st V1 = the carrier of W
proofend;

::
:: Definition of zero subspace and improper subspace of real linear space.
::
definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
func (0). V ->  strict Subspace of V means :Def3: :: RLSUB_1:def 3
 the carrier of it = {(0. V)};
correctness
existence
ex b1 being strict Subspace of V st the carrier of b1 = {(0. V)};
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being strict Subspace of V st the carrier of b1 = {(0. V)} &amp; the carrier of b2 = {(0. V)} holds
b1 = b2;
by Th4, Th30, Th35;
end;

:: deftheorem Def3 defines (0). RLSUB_1:def_3_:_
 for V being RealLinearSpace
for b2 being strict Subspace of V holds
( b2 = (0). V iff the carrier of b2 = {(0. V)} );

definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
func (Omega). V ->  strict Subspace of V equals :: RLSUB_1:def 4
 RLSStruct(# the carrier of V, the ZeroF of V, the addF of V, the Mult of V #);
coherence
 RLSStruct(# the carrier of V, the ZeroF of V, the addF of V, the Mult of V #) is strict Subspace of V
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem  defines (Omega). RLSUB_1:def_4_:_
 for V being RealLinearSpace holds (Omega). V = RLSStruct(# the carrier of V, the ZeroF of V, the addF of V, the Mult of V #);

::
:: Definitional theorems of zero subspace and improper subspace.
::
theorem Th36: :: RLSUB_1:36
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds (0). W = (0). V
proofend;

theorem Th37: :: RLSUB_1:37
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V holds (0). W1 = (0). W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:38
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds (0). W is Subspace of V by Th27;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:39
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds (0). V is Subspace of W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:40
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being Subspace of V holds (0). W1 is Subspace of W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:41
for V being strict RealLinearSpace holds V is Subspace of (Omega). V ;

::
:: Introduction of the cosets of subspace.
::
definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
let v be VECTOR of V;
let W be Subspace of V;
funcv + W ->  Subset of V equals :: RLSUB_1:def 5
 {  (v + u) where u is VECTOR of V : u in W  }  ;
coherence
  {  (v + u) where u is VECTOR of V : u in W  }  is Subset of V
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem  defines + RLSUB_1:def_5_:_
 for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds v + W =  {  (v + u) where u is VECTOR of V : u in W  }  ;

Lm2:  for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds (0. V) + W = the carrier of W
proofend;

definition
let V be RealLinearSpace;
let W be Subspace of V;
mode Coset of W ->  Subset of V means :Def6: :: RLSUB_1:def 6
 ex v being VECTOR of V st it = v + W;
existence
 ex b1 being Subset of V ex v being VECTOR of V st b1 = v + W
proofend;
end;

:: deftheorem Def6 defines Coset RLSUB_1:def_6_:_
 for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V
for b3 being Subset of V holds
( b3 is Coset of W iff ex v being VECTOR of V st b3 = v + W );

::
:: Definitional theorems of the cosets.
::
theorem Th42: :: RLSUB_1:42
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( 0. V in v + W iff v in W )
proofend;

theorem Th43: :: RLSUB_1:43
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds v in v + W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:44
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds (0. V) + W = the carrier of W by Lm2;

theorem Th45: :: RLSUB_1:45
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V holds v + ((0). V) = {v}
proofend;

Lm3:  for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v in W iff v + W = the carrier of W )
proofend;

theorem Th46: :: RLSUB_1:46
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V holds v + ((Omega). V) = the carrier of V
proofend;

theorem Th47: :: RLSUB_1:47
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( 0. V in v + W iff v + W = the carrier of W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:48
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v in W iff v + W = the carrier of W ) by Lm3;

theorem Th49: :: RLSUB_1:49
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V st v in W holds
(a * v) + W = the carrier of W
proofend;

theorem Th50: :: RLSUB_1:50
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V st a <> 0 &amp; (a * v) + W = the carrier of W holds
v in W
proofend;

theorem Th51: :: RLSUB_1:51
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v in W iff (- v) + W = the carrier of W )
proofend;

theorem Th52: :: RLSUB_1:52
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( u in W iff v + W = (v + u) + W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:53
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( u in W iff v + W = (v - u) + W )
proofend;

theorem Th54: :: RLSUB_1:54
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v in u + W iff u + W = v + W )
proofend;

theorem Th55: :: RLSUB_1:55
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v + W = (- v) + W iff v in W )
proofend;

theorem Th56: :: RLSUB_1:56
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v1, v2 being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st u in v1 + W &amp; u in v2 + W holds
v1 + W = v2 + W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:57
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st u in v + W &amp; u in (- v) + W holds
v in W
proofend;

theorem Th58: :: RLSUB_1:58
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V st a <> 1 &amp; a * v in v + W holds
v in W
proofend;

theorem Th59: :: RLSUB_1:59
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for a being Real
for W being Subspace of V st v in W holds
a * v in v + W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:60
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( - v in v + W iff v in W )
proofend;

theorem Th61: :: RLSUB_1:61
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( u + v in v + W iff u in W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:62
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( v - u in v + W iff u in W )
proofend;

theorem Th63: :: RLSUB_1:63
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( u in v + W iff ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; u = v + v1 ) )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:64
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( u in v + W iff ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; u = v - v1 ) )
proofend;

theorem Th65: :: RLSUB_1:65
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v1, v2 being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( ex v being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in v + W &amp; v2 in v + W ) iff v1 - v2 in W )
proofend;

theorem Th66: :: RLSUB_1:66
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st v + W = u + W holds
ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; v + v1 = u )
proofend;

theorem Th67: :: RLSUB_1:67
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V st v + W = u + W holds
ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; v - v1 = u )
proofend;

theorem Th68: :: RLSUB_1:68
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V
for W1, W2 being strict Subspace of V holds
( v + W1 = v + W2 iff W1 = W2 )
proofend;

theorem Th69: :: RLSUB_1:69
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v, u being VECTOR of V
for W1, W2 being strict Subspace of V st v + W1 = u + W2 holds
W1 = W2
proofend;

::
:: Theorems concerning cosets of subspace
:: regarded as subsets of the carrier.
::
theorem :: RLSUB_1:70
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V
for C being Coset of W holds
( C is linearly-closed iff C = the carrier of W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:71
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W1, W2 being strict Subspace of V
for C1 being Coset of W1
for C2 being Coset of W2 st C1 = C2 holds
W1 = W2
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:72
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v being VECTOR of V holds {v} is Coset of (0). V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:73
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 is Coset of (0). V holds
ex v being VECTOR of V st V1 = {v}
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:74
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V holds the carrier of W is Coset of W
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:75
for V being RealLinearSpace holds the carrier of V is Coset of (Omega). V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:76
for V being RealLinearSpace
for V1 being Subset of V st V1 is Coset of (Omega). V holds
V1 = the carrier of V
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:77
for V being RealLinearSpace
for W being Subspace of V
for C being Coset of W holds
( 0. V in C iff C = the carrier of W )
proofend;

theorem Th78: :: RLSUB_1:78
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for C being Coset of W holds
( u in C iff C = u + W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:79
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for C being Coset of W st u in C &amp; v in C holds
ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; u + v1 = v )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:80
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u, v being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for C being Coset of W st u in C &amp; v in C holds
ex v1 being VECTOR of V st
( v1 in W &amp; u - v1 = v )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:81
for V being RealLinearSpace
for v1, v2 being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V holds
( ex C being Coset of W st
( v1 in C &amp; v2 in C ) iff v1 - v2 in W )
proofend;

theorem :: RLSUB_1:82
for V being RealLinearSpace
for u being VECTOR of V
for W being Subspace of V
for B, C being Coset of W st u in B &amp; u in C holds
B = C
proofend;